Osteoporosis

Often asymptomatic until fracture; back pain, loss of height, stooped posture, fractures with minimal trauma

Age, female gender, low estrogen, low calcium/vitamin D, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, excessive alcohol, certain medications (steroids)

Bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, raloxifene, calcium and vitamin D supplements, weight-bearing exercise, fall prevention

Educate on nutrition (calcium, vitamin D), exercise, fall prevention, medication adherence; assess for fractures; promote bone health

Source: NHS Scotland. For educational purposes only.